Tuesday, October 14, 2025

How to protect yourself from Vibrio vulnificus, the bacteria found in some coastal waters

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Introduction to Vibrio vulnificus

States are warning beachgoers about a summertime surge in infections from a frightening, flesh-eating bacteria found in coastal waters. Vibrio vulnificus are becoming an annual threat along the Gulf Coast and — increasingly — up the Eastern Seaboard. People should listen to the warnings, said Bernie Stewart, a 65-year-old retired bounty hunter in Florida who counts himself lucky to have survived an infection.

Personal Experience with Vibrio vulnificus

In August 2019, Stewart’s right leg was infected while he was kayak fishing in Pensacola Bay. What at first appeared to be a sun blister led to three months in the hospital, where doctors performed 10 surgeries to remove decaying skin and prevent the bacteria from killing him. “This ain’t nothing to play with,” Stewart said. This photo provided by Karrianne Stewart shows her husband, Bernie Stewart, in a coma at a hospital in Pensacola, Fla., shortly after the start of an August 2019 Vibrio infection. (Karrianne Stewart via AP)

Understanding Vibrio Bacteria

Vibrio bacteria thrive in seawater and in the mix of fresh and saltwater found in estuaries and lagoons. Most infections are reported from May to October, and most happen in states along the Gulf Coast. The Gulf’s water is “the perfect convergence of the right amount of salt and the right amount of heat to let this organism proliferate,” said Dr. Fred Lopez, an infectious diseases specialist at the LSU Health Sciences Center in New Orleans.

Types of Vibrio Bacteria

At least a dozen kinds of Vibrio can cause human illnesses. The nastiest type is Vibrio vulnificus. It accounts for around 200 of the more than 1,000 Vibrio illnesses each year, according to CDC data. As many as 1 in 5 of those infections are fatal — a much higher rate than other types of Vibrio bacteria. This electron microscope image provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows Vibrio vulnificus bacteria in 2005. (Janice Haney Carr/CDC via AP)

Causes of Infection

Some people become infected by eating raw or undercooked shellfish — particularly oysters. But a large percentage fall ill when the person is in ocean or brackish water and the bacteria enter the body through small breaks in the skin. The antibiotics used to treat food poisoning cases don’t work as well when the germ enters through breaks in the skin, Lopez said. “They may require multiple surgeries to remove dead or infected tissue, and sometimes require amputation,” he said.

Vulnerable Groups

Doctors say severe cases are seen more often in elderly patients, people with weakened immune systems, and those with liver disease, diabetes and certain chronic illnesses.

Regional Trends

Cases are up in some places, but not all. Louisiana has seen an alarming jump in cases this summer, but other states are not. More cases are expected, as this is peak season for Vibrio vulnificus infections. “It is really easy to sound unnecessary alarms because cases have increased, or feel too complacent because cases are low,” when data is incomplete, said Salvador Almagro-Moreno, a St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital who has studied the germ. Infections have been reported as far north as New England — Massachusetts recently issued an alert after someone reportedly was infected on Cape Cod.

Impact of Climate Change

Scientists say climate change is helping the germs proliferate and spread northward. A 2023 study found that the northernmost case has been shifting by about 30 miles each year, and that cases overall have been rising. As of late last week, 20 cases of Vibrio vulnificus had been reported among Louisiana residents this year. All were hospitalized and four died, the state’s health department said. That’s more than twice the average number of cases for this point in the season, and four times the death toll, state officials said.

Prevention Methods

Vibrio vulnificus can enter the body through unhealed cuts and scrapes, recent piercings and tattoos, and recent surgical incisions. If you have such a wound, try to stay out of saltwater or brackish water, and cover it with a waterproof bandage if there’s a chance of exposure. If you do come in contact with coastal waters or raw seafood, immediately wash cuts and scrapes thoroughly with soap and clean running water, the CDC advises. And see a doctor if you start to develop symptoms such as fever, chills, and hot red areas on the skin that start to turn dark and blister.

Safe Seafood Consumption

You can also become infected by eating seafood. Health officials say not to eat raw or undercooked oysters or other seafood, and do not let raw seafood, its drippings, or its juices contaminate other foods. Oysters are a particular risk, and there is no way to tell if an oyster is contaminated just by looking at it. Wash hands with soap and water after handling raw shellfish, and wear protective gloves if you have a weakened immune system and are at a higher risk of infection. Health officials also offer cooking instructions for clams, mussels and other shellfish. They recommend throwing away any with open shells before cooking.

Conclusion

Vibrio vulnificus is a serious threat to public health, particularly in coastal areas. While cases are not unusually higher in all states, the risk of infection is still present, and people should take precautions to protect themselves. By understanding the causes of infection, vulnerable groups, and prevention methods, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting Vibrio vulnificus. It is essential to be aware of the risks associated with coastal waters and raw seafood consumption, especially during peak season.

FAQs

Q: What is Vibrio vulnificus?
A: Vibrio vulnificus is a type of bacteria that can cause severe illness, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.
Q: How is Vibrio vulnificus transmitted?
A: Vibrio vulnificus can enter the body through unhealed cuts and scrapes, recent piercings and tattoos, and recent surgical incisions, as well as through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood.
Q: What are the symptoms of Vibrio vulnificus infection?
A: Symptoms include fever, chills, and hot red areas on the skin that start to turn dark and blister.
Q: How can I prevent Vibrio vulnificus infection?
A: To prevent infection, stay out of saltwater or brackish water if you have an open wound, cover wounds with a waterproof bandage, and immediately wash cuts and scrapes with soap and clean running water after exposure to coastal waters or raw seafood.
Q: Can Vibrio vulnificus be treated?
A: Yes, Vibrio vulnificus can be treated with antibiotics, but severe cases may require multiple surgeries to remove dead or infected tissue, and sometimes require amputation.

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