Introduction to Chikungunya
A person living in the suburbs of New York City has tested positive for chikungunya, a mosquito-borne virus that is more often seen in South America and hasn’t been transmitted on the U.S. mainland in a decade.
Health officials said the virus, which often causes fever and joint pain, was identified in a patient on Long Island who started experiencing symptoms in August after having traveled outside of the region, but not out of the country.
The patient likely got the virus from a mosquito bite, but it isn’t clear where that happened. The virus has not been detected in local mosquito pools and isn’t spread directly from one person to another.
What is Chikungunya
Chikungunya is a disease caused by a virus of the same name.
The chikungunya virus was first identified in people sickened during an outbreak in Tanzania in 1952. Its name is derived from a word in the Makonde language, which means “that which bends up,” due to the severe pain it can cause.
Chikungunya is transmitted by infected mosquitoes and mostly causes mild symptoms. The majority of people who get chikungunya recover without needing medical attention after one to two weeks.
Symptoms of Chikungunya
Chikungunya typically produces symptoms including fever, muscle pain, nausea, fatigue and a rash.
But in rare cases, it can cause debilitating joint pain that persists for months or even years. Patients who get severely ill often require hospitalization because of the risk of organ damage.
The World Health Organization says severe cases and deaths are rare and mostly occur in babies or elderly people with underlying health conditions.
Treatment and Vaccine
There is no specific treatment for chikungunya, but health workers can treat the symptoms by giving medicines to lower fevers or ease muscle pain.
Two vaccines have been approved in several regions, including Britain, Brazil, Canada and Europe. Those are mostly targeted at travelers and are not widely available in the countries most affected by chikungunya.
Geographic Distribution of Chikungunya
Chikungunya causes regular outbreaks in Africa, Asia and the Americas, with occasional small epidemics in Europe.
As of August, there have been about 317,000 cases of chikungunya this year, including 135 deaths in 16 countries and territories, according to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The countries that reported the highest number of infections were Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Peru.
Chikungunya in the United States
The case confirmed in New York was the first locally acquired instance in the United States since 2015, meaning the person was infected without traveling elsewhere. Ten years ago, one person was infected in Texas, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Two cases were recorded in U.S. territories in 2019.
It’s the first time that a locally acquired case has ever been detected in New York, the state Health Department said.
Health officials said the virus can be transmitted when a mosquito bites an infected traveler, becomes infected and bites another person.
The type of mosquito known to transmit chikungunya, the Aedes albopictus mosquito, is present in parts of downstate New York, and people should take care to avoid being bitten by wearing long sleeves and removing standing water from things like flowerpots, health officials said.
However, colder nighttime temperatures currently being recorded in New York make the transmission risk in the area “very low,” state Health Commissioner James McDonald said in a statement.
Although locally acquired cases have been virtually nonexistent in recent years, the CDC has tracked a number of travel-related infections in the U.S., including 199 in 2024 and 152 in 2023, according to agency data.
Increase in Chikungunya Outbreaks
Yes.
The number of outbreaks has increased since 2000, just as there have been more outbreaks of other mosquito-transmitted diseases like dengue and Zika, according to Robert Jones, an assistant professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Jones said in a statement that in 2013, chikungunya was first seen in the island of St. Martin and that over the next three years, cases were confirmed in almost 50 countries in the Caribbean and the Americas, with more than 1 million suspected cases.
Jones said the risk of chikungunya epidemics has risen due to climate change and urban expansion.
Conclusion
The recent case of chikungunya in New York highlights the need for continued vigilance and awareness of this mosquito-borne disease. As the number of outbreaks continues to increase globally, it is essential for individuals to take precautions to prevent infection, such as wearing protective clothing and removing standing water around their homes. Health officials must also remain vigilant in monitoring for cases and taking steps to prevent further transmission.
FAQs
Q: What is chikungunya?
A: Chikungunya is a disease caused by a virus of the same name, transmitted by infected mosquitoes.
Q: What are the symptoms of chikungunya?
A: Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, nausea, fatigue, and a rash, with rare cases causing debilitating joint pain.
Q: Is there a treatment or vaccine for chikungunya?
A: There is no specific treatment, but symptoms can be treated with medicines, and two vaccines have been approved in several regions.
Q: Where is chikungunya typically found?
A: Chikungunya causes regular outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, with occasional small epidemics in Europe.
Q: Can chikungunya be transmitted in the United States?
A: Yes, the recent case in New York highlights the risk of transmission in the U.S., particularly in areas where the Aedes albopictus mosquito is present.
Q: How can I prevent chikungunya infection?
A: Take precautions such as wearing protective clothing, removing standing water around your home, and avoiding mosquito bites.
