Introduction to Brain Training
With age comes a natural decline in cognitive function, even among otherwise healthy adults without dementia. A new study finds that a cognitive training program may boost production of a brain chemical that plays a role in memory and attention.
Participants who completed game-like activities through BrainHQ, an online subscription program, showed increased production of acetylcholine, sometimes called the “pay attention” chemical. The process that produces acetylcholine in the brain is called the cholinergic system.
The Study
Researchers at McGill University in Montreal led a clinical trial of 92 people ages 65 and older. All were healthy, meaning they had not been diagnosed with a cognitive disorder.
In the study, called INHANCE (Improving Neurological Health in Aging via Neuroplasticity-based Computerized Exercise), participants were randomly split into two groups of 46. Both groups were asked to spend 30 minutes a day doing an assigned activity on a computer or mobile device for 10 weeks.
People in the intervention group did BrainHQ exercises, while those in the control group played games designed for entertainment.
Researchers used PET, or positron emission tomography, scans and a radioactive tracer to measure acetylcholine production in participants’ brains at the beginning and end of the trial.
People in the BrainHQ group had a 2.3% increase in acetylcholine production in the anterior cingulate cortex, a part of the brain important for learning, memory, attention and executive function. Those in the control group didn’t have a significant change.
Expert Insights
Senior author Dr. Etienne de Villers-Sidani, a neurologist at The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), which is affiliated with McGill, said his patients often ask how they can keep their brains sharp.
“I’ve always believed that there are things that you can do that have a positive impact on brain health,” said de Villers-Sidani, who is also an associate professor in McGill’s department of neurology and neurosurgery. “Now I’m even more sure with what we’re seeing, that [brain training] has a profound impact on the health of key brain chemical systems.”
BrainHQ training has been the subject of more than 300 studies. A study published last year in the journal Healthcare linked select BrainHQ exercises to faster visual processing speed in older adults.
How Acetylcholine Helps You Learn and Remember
When you’re learning something new, your brain is using acetylcholine. It tells your brain to stay alert. It’s key to other bodily functions, too, including blood pressure regulation and skeletal muscle contraction.
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, which means it sends messages between neurons and other cells. It’s also a neuromodulator that can influence a neuron’s activity.
“It’s a chemical that helps us learn and think and remember. It also helps with alertness,” said Dr. Jennifer Pauldurai, a neurologist at Inova Health System in northern Virginia, who wasn’t involved in the trial. “It’s not the only thing that goes wrong in dementia, but it is one thing that has been shown to be deficient in many types of dementia, Alzheimer’s included.”
Previous research has shown that between the ages of 20 and 80, acetylcholine production decreases by about 2.5% per decade in the anterior cingulate cortex.
Gaming Doesn’t Equal Brain Training
Research on the relationship between games and puzzles and the aging brain has been mixed.
The BrainHQ exercises used in the trial are game-like, yet they’re not games, said Joaquin Anguera, an associate professor at the Weill Institute for Neurosciences at the University of California, San Francisco. He’s also the clinical director of UCSF’s Neuroscape translational science center and has designed brain exercises for use in other cognitive studies.
“Games like sudoku or crossword puzzles, those are made to entertain you; they’re designed to engage you and get you excited,” said Anguera, who wasn’t involved in the trial. “Are there benefits to playing those? It depends on the study of what you’re looking for and where you’re looking to see improvements.”
BrainHQ exercises are adaptive, de Villers-Sidani said, meaning the levels get progressively harder the better you do and easier the worse you do. People doing such training should be “always pushed to their limit,” he said, noting that the trial exercises mimicked real-life stressors including time constraints and distractions.
Could Brain Training Help People with Dementia?
The INHANCE trial had a number of notable limitations.
Nearly 96% of participants were white, and most were well-educated and lived in the Montreal area. The various visuals used in the brain exercises may resonate differently with people of different cultural backgrounds, de Villers-Sidani said.
Laura Glass Umfleet, an associate professor of neurology at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, had other concerns. Though McGill scientists handled data collection and analysis, several Posit Science researchers were involved in the trial, hinting at a bias toward BrainHQ in a market saturated with brain training companies.
De Villers-Sidani said an NIH-funded follow-up trial will determine how people with mild cognitive impairment react to brain training exercises.
Conclusion
The study suggests that brain training exercises can offset natural decline in cholinergic function, which is crucial for attention, memory, and learning. While the results are promising, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of brain training on cognitive function and to determine whether it can help people with dementia.
Regularly exercising your body can help keep you physically healthy, and routinely flexing your cognitive muscles can boost brain health. However, it’s essential to note that playing games on your phone is not the same as training your brain.
FAQs
- What is acetylcholine, and how does it help with learning and memory?
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and attention. It helps the brain stay alert and focused. - Can brain training exercises help people with dementia?
The study suggests that brain training exercises may help people with mild cognitive impairment, but more research is needed to fully understand the effects of brain training on cognitive function and to determine whether it can help people with dementia. - How do BrainHQ exercises differ from regular games and puzzles?
BrainHQ exercises are adaptive, meaning the levels get progressively harder the better you do and easier the worse you do. They are designed to challenge the brain and improve cognitive function, whereas regular games and puzzles are often designed for entertainment. - Are there any limitations to the study?
Yes, the study had a number of notable limitations, including a predominantly white and well-educated participant group, and the involvement of Posit Science researchers in the trial.
